A&P I Review

CCBC-Catonsville

BIOLOGY 221
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I (BIOL220) REVIEW

J. Ellen Lathrop-Davis, Assistant Professor

The following are the major topics from A&P I that are important for you to remember. Note that it's pretty heavy on the review/early material. (And you thought you could just forget your general biology. - Ha!) This is (obviously) not an all-inclusive list. It simply represents the information that will most likely be used in A&P II. If you know these topics at least superficially, you should be fine for both the review test and the rest of the course.

Unit I - Introduction
· Language of anatomy (from lab), regional terms, body planes and sections, abdominal regions and quadrants
· Body cavities & membranes
· Body fluids and compartments
· Homeostasis, negative and positive feedback
· Acids, bases, acid-base balance and pH
· Macromolecules & their functions

Unit II - Histology
· 4 primary tissue types - general structure & major functions
· Simple vs stratified epithelia
· Important epithelial tissues, their general features and functions: simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified, stratified squamous, transitional
· Important connective tissues, their general features and functions: areolar, adipose, dense regular and irregular, elastic connective tissues; hyaline and elastic cartilage; bone, blood
· Types of muscle, their general features, locations and functions
· Epithelial membranes (cutaneous, mucous, serous)
· Types of cell junctions & their functions (see chapter 2)

Unit III - Integumentary System
· Functions of skin
· Major layers of skin
· Major epidermal derivatives & their functions
· Types of burns and their characteristics
· Role of skin in thermoregulation

Unit IV - Nervous System Histology
· Functions of nervous system
· Types of neuroglia
· Parts of a neuron
· Structural and functional classes of neurons
· Functional classes of nerves
· Definitions (p. 47)

Unit V - Electrophysiology
· Parts of an action potential
· Roles of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ in graded potentials, action potentials (AP), synaptic transmission
· Voltage-gated vs chemically-gated channels
· Graded potentials vs action potentials vs resting membrane potential
· Role & action of Na+/K+ pump
· Saltatory vs continuous conduction
· Intrinsic vs extrinsic factors affecting speed of AP conduction
· Chemical vs electrical synapses
· Parts of chemical synapse
· Direct vs indirect modes of neurotransmitter (NT) action
· Functional classifications of NTs
· Termination of NT effects
· Structural classes of NTs, especially ACh & catecholamines
· Types of neuronal circuits, especially series, converging and diverging circuits

Unit VI - Brain and Cranial Nerves
· Structures served by cranial nerves, especially facial, oculomotor, glossopharyngeal & vagus
· Foramina through which cranial nerves pass into/out of cranial cavity
· Structure and role of blood-brain barrier
· Structure and function of reticular formation
· Control of ANS function, especially role of reticular formation & hypothalamus
· Functions of the medulla oblongata, midbrain and pons, including control of heart rate, blood vessels, respiration
· Functions of hypothalamus, especially control of ANS and endocrine function
· Formation, circulation, and function of cerebrospinal fluid

Unit VII - Spinal Cord and Tracts
· Functions of spinal cord
· Functions of ascending and descending pathways
· Functional difference between anterior and posterior gray horns

Unit VIII - Spinal Nerves & Reflexes
· Components of a somatic reflex arc
· Nerves: Phrenic, Femoral, Sciatic, Ulnar, Radial, Obturator

Unit IX - Autonomic Nervous System
· Effects of sympathetic & parasympathetic innervation, especially at heart, digestive organs, urinary system
· Origins of sympathetic & parasympathetic preganglionic neurons
· Parasympathetic cranial nerves, the effectors each innervates, activities each causes at the effector; especially the vagus
· Types of receptors & effects of NTs & the drugs beta-blockers, neostigmine, phentolamine, ephedrine on them
· Role of sympathetic division in stress response (general adaptation syndrome) and thermoregulation

Unit X - Special Senses
· Special structures associated with each special sense and their locations
· Nerves carrying impulses for special senses

Unit XI - Endocrine
· General mechanisms of interaction between hormone and receptor cell, and examples of hormones
· General mechanisms of control of secretion and examples of hormones that are controlled by each method
· Major glands, their hormones, how those hormones are controlled, and what they do; especially those that affect bone, muscle, glucose regulation, sodium/potassium balance, blood pressure
· Important disorders, especially the three types of diabetes and the 2 subtypes of diabetes mellitus, and disorders of bone growth (gigantism, dwarfism, acromegaly) and metabolism
· Stages of general adaptation syndrome and the hormones involved in each

Unit XII - Skeletal System
· Functions of bone
· General characteristics of bone
· Types of ossification
· Bones of the axial skeleton and cranial foramina through which blood vessels pass

Unit XIII - Muscular System
· Functions of muscle
· General characteristics of muscle
· Development of tension in skeletal muscle
· Muscle metabolism
· Features, control, excitation of smooth muscle

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Updated: 29 January, 2003