BIOLOGY 221
Practice Quizzes - Heart
J.E. Lathrop-Davis, Assistant Professor
CCBC Catonsville

1. Name the three layers of the heart wall.
   __________________ _____________________ ____________________

2. Semilunar valves prevent backflow from the ______________ to the ___________ when the ventricles are contracting / relaxing (circle one)

3. Atrioventricular (AV) valves prevent backflow from the ________________ to the _______________ when the ventricles are contracting / relaxing (circle one).

4. The _____________________ is the portion of the serous pericardium that adheres to the surface of the heart.

5. The _____________________ forms the outer lining of the pericardial cavity.

6. a. ____________________ (vessels) carry blood away from the heart.
   b. ____________________ (vessels) return blood to the heart.

7. The main artery of the systemic circulation is the ___________________.

8. The major veins of the systemic circulation are the ________________________ and ____________________.

9. The first branches to come off the main systemic artery serve the heart and are called the ________________________ and the __________________________.

10. The main vessel returning blood from the myocardium to the right atrium is the __________________________.

11. The normal pacemaker of the heart is the _________________________.

12. On an ECG:
    The P wave represents _____________________________.
    The QRS complex represents ____________________________.
    The T wave represents _____________________________.

13. ________________________ are the inferior, terminal branches of the conduction system, which carry impulses to the musculature of the ventricles.

14. The main artery of the pulmonary circulation is the ________________________.

15. Blood returns to the heart from the lungs via the __________________________.

16. The inner wall of the heart is the ___________________; the muscle layer of the heart is the __________________.

17. a. Contraction of the heart muscle is also called ______________________.
    b. Relaxation of the heart muscle is also called ______________________.

18. ______________________ connect individual cardiac muscle cells and allow them to pass ions rapidly from cell to cell.

19. What role do voltage sensitive Ca2+ channels play in the action potential of non-contractile cells? of contractile cells?

20. To what does the term "cardiac cycle" refer?

21. Define the following:
    a. Cardiac output
    b. Stroke volume
    c. Cardiac reserve (difference between resting and maximal cardiac output)
    d. Bradycardia
    e. Tachycardia

22. What is the mathematical relationship between cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate?

23. For each of the following, indicate whether it increases (I) or decreases (D) heart rate:
    a. Epinephrine ______ d. ACh ________________
    b. Hypothermia ______ e. Hyperkalemia ______
    c. Hypocalcemia ______ f. Hypercalcemia ______

24. What is the function of the atrioventricular valves?

25. What is the function of the semilunar valves?

26. List two factors that cause or contribute to congestive heart failure.