1. Define the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
2. Describe general characteristics of the autonomic nervous system.
3. Compare the effectors, efferent pathways, fibers, ganglia, and neurotransmitters
4. of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

Comparison of the two divisions of ANS

1. List the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
2. Describe the similarities and differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic nervous system divisions.

1. Describe the function(s) of the parasympathetic division.
2. Define craniosacral outflow.
3. Describe the cranial and sacral outflow of the parasympathetic division.
4. Describe the ganglia of the parasympathetic division.
5. Give examples of the results of parasympathetic outflow.

Sympathetic Division of the Autonomic Nervous System

1. Describe the location(s) of origin and function(s) of the sympathetic division.
2. Define thoracolumbar outflow.
3. Describe the pathways of the sympathetic division.
4. Describe the sympathetic ganglia and sympathetic innervation.
5. Describe the function of adrenal medulla in the sympathetic division.
6. Give examples of the results of sympathetic outflow.

Sympathetic Division of the Autonomic Nervous System

1. Describe the location(s) of origin and function(s) of the sympathetic division.
2. Define thoracolumbar outflow.
3. Describe the pathways of the sympathetic division.
4. Describe the sympathetic ganglia and sympathetic innervation.
5. Describe the function of adrenal medulla in the sympathetic division.
6. Give examples of the results of sympathetic outflow.

1. Define cholinergic fibers.
2. Name and describe the types, functions and locations of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors.
3. Define adrenergic fibers.
4. Name and describe the types, functions, and locations of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors.

Effects of Drugs on Autonomic Nervous System

1. Describe the effects of atropine on the activity of the ANS.
2. Describe the effects of neostigmine on the activity of the ANS.
3. Describe the effects of tricyclic antidepressants on the activity of the ANS.
4. Describe the effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on the activity of the ANS.
5. Describe the effects of beta blockers on the activity of the ANS.
6. Describe the effects of phentolamine on the activity of the ANS.

1. List the effectors (organs) that receive dual innervation.
2. List the organs that are innervated by one division of the ANS.
3. Describe sympathetic and parasympathetic tone.
4. Describe cooperative effects of ANS divisions.
5. Describe unique roles of the sympathetic division of the ANS.
6. Compare and contrast the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.
7. Explain the role of the sympathetic division in thermoregulation.

1. Describe the role of the brain stem and spinal cord in the control of the ANS.
2. Describe the role of the hypothalamus in the control of the ANS.
3. Describe the role of the cerebral cortex in the control of the ANS.

Visceral Reflex Arcs

1. List the major elements of a visceral reflex arc.
2. Describe the function(s) of a visceral reflexes.
3. Compare and contrast visceral and somatic reflex arcs.

1. Explain how referred pain arises.
2. Describe the clinical uses of referred pain.