Flash animation showing a bacterium producing an enzyme capable of destroying the antibiotic.

Flash animation showing a bacterium producing an altered ribosomal subunit to which the antibiotic no longer binds.

Flash animation showing a bacterium producing an altered enzyme to which the antibiotic no longer binds.

Flash animation showing a bacterium producing altered porins to block transport of the drug across the outer membrane.

Flash animation showing a bacterium producing an altered transport (carrier) protein to block transport of the drug across the cytoplasmic membrane.

Flash animation showing a bacterium producing efflux pump capable of pumping the drug out of the bacterium.

Flash animation showing competitive antagonism.

Flash animation showing a bacterium producing more of a limited enzyme so competitive antagonism favors the bacterium.

GIF animation showing antisense RNA.

Flash animation illustrating R plasmid conjugation.

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Updated: Sept., 2012